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Material:Drain-waste-vent pip - Rigid PVC Functional Units:1 foot of 3" ID pipe with 50 years service life
LCA Stage:Cradle to Site
Impact Category: Human Health Carcinogens Impact Units:life years
Sources:
Note: This list doesn't include 'Inactive' sources.
Source Stakeholder Submission Contributes Qualitative Information Contributes Quantitative Information
Life Cycle Assessment of Polyvinyl Chloride and Alternatives: Summary Report No No No
Lung cancer risk in workers exposed to poly(vinyl chloride) dust: a nested case-referent study No Yes No
An increased standardised mortality ratio for liver cancer among polyvinyl chloride workers in Taiwan. No Yes No
Cytogenetic damage in plastic industry workers exposed to polyvinyl chloride. No No No
Mildest organochlorines still cause toxic pollution.[comment]. No No No
Vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride. [Review] [151 refs] No No No
Effects on sister chromatid exchange frequency of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 genotype and smoking in vinyl chloride workers. No No No
Characterization of emissions of dioxins and furans from ethylene dichloride (EDC), vinyl chloride (VCM) and polyvinylchloride (PVC) manufacturing facilities in the United States. I. Resin, treated wastewater, and ethylene dichloride. No No No
Epidemiologic notes and reports. Angiosarcoma of the liver among polyvinyl chloride workers--Kentucky. 1974. No Yes No
Mortality and cancer incidence among PVC-processing workers in Sweden. No Yes No
Cutaneous haemangioendothelioma: a possible link with chronic exposure to vinyl chloride. No No No
Mortality from liver disease among Italian vinyl chloride monomer/polyvinyl chloride manufacturers. No No No
Cohort and case-control analyses of workers exposed to vinyl chloride: an update. No No No
Increasing evidence of the rise of cancer in workers exposed to vinylchloride. No Yes No
Angiosarcoma of the liver with metastasis: report of a case. No No No
Exposure to vinyl chloride monomer: report on a cohort study. No No No
Incidence of cancer among vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride workers: further evidence for an association with malignant melanoma. No Yes No
Lung disease after exposure to polyvinyl chloride dust. No No No
Carcinogenicity and epidemiological profile analysis of vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride. [Review] [81 refs] No No No
The toxicology of monomers of the polyvinyl plastic series. [Review] [71 refs] No No No
Occupational hazards in the VC-PVC industry. No No No
Toxicity of vinyl chloride and poly(vinyl chloride): a critical review. [Review] [41 refs] No No No
Small cleaved follicular center cell lymphoma: seven cases in California plumbers. No No No
Results of sputum, cytology among workers exposed to vinyl chloride monomer and to poly(vinyl chloride). No No No
EPA programs of vinyl chloride monitoring in ambient air. No No No
Review of pulmonary effects of poly(vinyl chloride) and vinyl chloride exposure. No No No
Excess lung cancer risk in a synthetic chemicals plant. No No No
Mortality and cancer rates among workers in the Swedish PVC processing industry. No No No
Mortality among PVC-fabricating employees. No No No
Worker exposure to vinyl chloride and poly(vinyl chloride). No No No
Toxicity of vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride as seen through epidemiologic observations. No No No
Pulmonary manifestations of vinyl and polyvinyl chloride (interstitial lung disease). Newer aspects. No No No
Breast cancer mortality among PVC fabricators. No Yes No
Mortality among employees of PVC fabricators. No No No
Low mortality rates in industrial cohort studies due to selection for work and survival in the industry. No No No
Elevated CEA levels in polyvinyl chloride workers. No No No
Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of tumour promoters modifies the inhibition of intercellular communication: a modified assay for tumour promotion. No No No
Early pneumotoxic effects after oral administration of 1,2-dichloroethane. No No No
Small-time polluter, big-time problems. Did Keil Chemical cause childhood cancer?. No No No
Increased lymphocyte sister chromatid exchange frequency in workers with exposure to low level of ethylene dichloride. No No No
1,2-Dichloroethane. [Review] [107 refs] No No No
Abnormal liver function in workers exposed to low levels of ethylene dichloride and vinyl chloride monomer. No No No
Short-term carcinogenesis bioassay of genotoxic procarcinogens in PIM transgenic mice. No No No
Ten and ninety-day toxicity studies of 1,2-dichloroethane in Sprague-Dawley rats. No No No
Metabolism and genotoxicity of dihaloalkanes. [Review] [83 refs] No No No
Study of a cluster of childhood leukemia. No No No
Characterization of the genotoxic action of three structurally related 1,2-dihaloalkanes in Drosophila melanogaster. No No No
Inhalation exposure in Drosophila mutagenesis assays: experiments with aliphatic halogenated hydrocarbons, with emphasis on the genetic activity profile of 1,2-dichloroethane. No No No
Comparative toxicity of ethylene dichloride in F344/N, Sprague-Dawley and Osborne-Mendel rats. No No No
Effects of inhalation of ethylene dichloride on pulmonary defenses of mice and rats. No No No
Carcinogenicity of chlorinated methane and ethane compounds administered in drinking water to mice. No No No
Ethylene dichloride: a review of its metabolism, mutagenic and carcinogenic potential. [Review] [136 refs] No No No
Genotoxic effects of 1,2-dibromoethane and 1,2-dichloroethane. [Review] [107 refs] No No No
Carcinogenesis bioassay of 1,2-dichloroethane (EDC). No No No
The mutagenic effect of 1,2-dichloroethane on Salmonella typhimurium. II. Activation by the isolated perfused rat liver. No No No
Ethylene dichloride (1,2-dichloroethane). No No No
Report on carcinogenesis bioassay of 1,2-dichloroethane (EDC). No No No
Life Cycle Assessment of Polyvinyl Chloride and Alternatives:Summary Report for Consultation No No No
UK Response to the European Commission's Green Paper on environmental issues of PVC No No No
LCA of PVC. No No No
Life Cycle Assessment of PVC and Alternative Materials, an overview No No No
Dioxin From Cradle to Grave - Recommendations Yes No No
Plastics streams in Germany—an analysis of production, consumption and waste generation No No No
Uncertainty in Life Cycle Impact Assessment of Toxic Releases Impact Assessment of Toxic Releases in a Substance Flow Analysis for PVC in Sweden No No No
Life cycle assessments of PVC products :green guides to ecological sustainability / No No No
PVC :a primary contributor to the U.S. dioxin burden No No No
PVC and the environment. No No No
PVC in perspective :the facts. Yes No No
Effect of copper chloride on the emissions of PCDD/Fs and PAHs from PVC combustion No No No
Ambient air PCDD/PCDF concentrations in Montgomery County, Ohio No No No
Vinyl chloride industry: Environmental status report (1987-1990). No No No
Thetford plastics fire, October 1991: the role of a preventive medical team in chemical incidents No No No
Vinyl Chloride: Still a Cause for Concern No No No
Two Cases of Liver Angiosarcoma Among Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Extruders of an Italian Factory Producing PVC Bags and Other Containers No No No
Carcinogenicity of Vinyl Chloride in Sprague-Dawley Rats after Prenatal and Postnatal Exposure No No No
Vinyl Chloride CAS No. 75-01-4 No No No
The Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc., Petitioner, v. Occupational Safety & Health Administration, et al., Respondents… No No No
Vinyl chloride No No No
PVC and the Environment No No No
Charles River Associates report for the Chlorine No No No
Report on the Environmental Impacts of PVC No No No
Exposures to polyvinyl chloride, methyl ketone and other chemical: No No No
Impacts of Chlorine Use of Environmental and Public Health" (A Science Report to Governor John Engler) No No No
1,3-butadiene: cancer, mutations, and adducts. Part IV: Molecular dosimetry of 1,3-butadiene. No No No
DNA adducts: effects of low exposure to ethylene oxide, vinyl chloride and butadiene. No No No
A case-cohort study of angiosarcoma of the liver and brain cancer at a polymer production plant No Yes No
To: TSAC PVC Task Group Yes Yes No
Measurement of atmospheric deposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the Lagoon of Venice, Italy Yes No No
A research on dioxin generation from the industrial waste incineration Yes No No
Characterization of emissions of dioxin and furans from ethylene dichloride, vinyl chloride monomer and polyvinyl chloride facilities in the United States. Consolidated report Yes No No
Developments in lead–acid batteries: a lead producer’s perspective Yes No No
Comparative Teratogenicity of Di-n-butyltin Diacetate with n-Butyltin Trichloride in Rats Yes No No
Global distribution of persistent organochlorine compounds Yes No No
Exposure to polychlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans from graphite electrodes in a chloralkali plant Yes No No
Correlation of chlorinated organic compound emissions from incineration with chlorinatedorganic input Yes No No
Pandora’s Poison: On Chlorine, Health, and a New Environmental Strategy by Joe Thornton Yes No No
Interaction of vinyl chloride monomer exposure and hepatitis B viral infection on liver cancer Yes No No
[Reanalysis of mortality in a petrochemical plant producing vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride] Yes No No
A case-cohort study of angiosarcoma of the liver and brain cancer at a polymer production plant Yes No No
Database of Sources of Environmental Releases of Dioxin-Like Compounds in the United States Yes No No
Toxicity and Vinyl Chloride. Yes No No
Empirical modeling of particle deposition in the aveolar region of the lungs: a basis for interspecies extrapolation. Yes No No
Vasculitic Purpura in vinyl chloride disease: a case report. Yes No No
A Scientific Basis for the Risk Assessment of Vinyl Chloride. Yes No No
Primary hepatocellular carcinoma in workers exposed to vinyl chloride – a report of two cases. Yes No No
A collaborative study of cancer incidence and mortality vinyl chloride workers Yes No No
Molecular epidemiology of p53 mutations in primary hepatic angiosarcomas not associated with vinyl chloride exposure Yes No No
p53 mutations in primary hepatic angiosarcomas not associated with vinyl chloride exposure Yes No No
Process emissions for vinyl pipe industry Yes No No
Life Cycle Assessment of PVC Products: A Green Guide to Ecological Sustainability Yes No No
Effects of polyvinyl chloride ingestion by dogs. Yes No No
Vinyl chloride: Dominant lethal studies in male CD-1 mice. Yes No No
Toxicological Profile for Vinyl Chloride (update) Yes No No
Toxicological Profile for 1,2-Dichloroethane Yes No No
Exposure and Health Assessment for 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin (TCDD) and Related Compounds (review draft) Yes Yes No
Specific Comments On The Food And Drug Administration'sEvaluation Of The Environmental Issues Associated With The Proposed Rule On PVC Yes No No
Global mass balance for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans Yes No No
A call for a chlorine sunset: the hazards of organochlorines require that they be elimianted Yes No No
A pharmacokinetic interpretation of increasing concentrations of DEHP inhemodialysed patients Yes No No
Impacts on the Environment From the Manufacture, Use and Disposal andSubstitution of PVC Yes No No
Risk for testicular cancer after occupational exposure to plastics Yes No No
Occupational exposure to polybinyl chloride as a risk factor for testicularcancer evaluated in a case control study Yes No No
Evaluation of temporal and age-related trends of chemically and biologicallygenerated 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents in Lake Ontario trout, 1977-1993 Yes No No
Assessment of levels, distribution and risks ofpolychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the vicinity of a vinyl chloride monomerproduction plant Yes No No
Testicular cancer and occupational exposures with a focus on xenoestrogens in polyvinylchloride plastics Yes No No
Levels, profile and pattern of PCDDs and PCDFs in samples related to theproduction and use of chlorine Yes No No
Chromosomal analysis in vinyl chloride exposed workers: comparison of the standard technique with the sister-chromatid exchange technique Yes No No
Chromosomal analyses in vinyl chloride exposed workers: Results from analysis 18 and 42 months after an initial sampling Yes No No
Levels of CEA among vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride exposed workers. Yes No No
A comparison of the mutagenic properties of vinyl chloride and methyl chloride. Yes No No
Toxicological Profile for Vinyl Chloride (Draft for Public Comment). Yes No No
Toxicological profile for vinyl chloride. Yes No No
Mutagenic and promutagenic properties of DNA adducts formed by vinyl chloride metabolites. Yes No No
Lack of miscoding properties of 7-(2-oxoethyl)guanine, the major vinyl chloride-DNA adduct. Yes No No
Mutagenicity and metabolism of vinyl chloride and related compounds. Yes No No
Human, rat and mouse liver-mediated mutagenicity of vinyl chloride in S. typhimurium strains. Yes No No
Genetic susceptibility to scleroderma-like syndrome in symptomatic and asymptomatic workers exposed to vinyl chloride Yes No No
Metabolic activation of vinyl chloride, formation of nucleic acid adducts and relevance to carcinogenesis Yes No No
Tissue distribution of 1,2-14C-vinyl chloride in the rat]. Yes No No
Investigations on the relationship between DNA ethenobase adduct levels in several organs of vinyl chloride-exposed rats and cancer susceptibility Yes No No
Epidemiologic study of vinyl chloride workers: Mortality through December 31, 1972. Yes No No
Mutagenicity of vinyl chloride in the Ames test. Possible artifacts related to experimental conditions. Yes No No
Effects of exposure to vinyl chloride: an assessment of the evidence Yes No No
Chloroethylenes. Yes No No
Mutagenicity of vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride and chloroprene in V79 Chinese hamster cells. Yes No No
Lack of mutagenicity of vinyl chloride in two strains of Neurospora crassa Yes No No
Toxicology Update: Vinyl Chloride. Yes No No
Rat hepatic vinyl chloride metabolites induce gene conversion in the yeast strain D7RAD in vitro and in vivo. Yes No No
Vinyl chloride mutagenicity via the metabolites chlorooxirane and chloroacetaldehyde monomer hydrate. Yes No No
Occurrence of vinyl chloride in drinking water, food and air. Yes No No
Lifespan oral toxicity study of vinyl chloride in rats Yes No No
One-year time-sequence inhalation toxicity study of vinyl chloride in rats. II. Morphological changes in the respiratory tract, ceruminous glands, brain, kidneys, heart and spleen Yes No No
One-year time-sequence inhalation toxicity study of vinyl chloride in rats. I. Growth, mortality, haematology, clinical chemistry, and organ weights. Yes No No
Observations on the oral administration and toxicity of vinyl chloride in rats. Yes No No
One-year time-sequence inhalation toxicity study of vinyl chloride in rats. III. Morphological changes in the liver. Yes No No
Potential halogenated industrial carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals. I. Halogenated unsaturated hydrocarbons. Yes No No
Mutagenecity of vinyl chloride Yes No No
The persistence of sister-chromatid exchange frequencies in men occupationally exposed to vinyl chloride monomer Yes No No
Mutagenicity of vinyl chloride in man: Comparison of chromosome aberrations with micronucleus and sister chromatid exchange frequencies. Yes No No
Localization of breaks induced by vinyl chloride in the human chromosomes of lymphocytes Yes No No
Chromosome aberrations in workers exposed to vinyl chloride. Yes No No
[Vinyl chloride as occupational health hazard]. Yes No No
Genetic toxicology of vinyl chloride- a review. Yes No No
Effects of vinyl chloride in man: A cytogenetic follow-up study. Yes No No
Chromosomal damage in men occupationally exposed to vinyl chloride monomer and other chemicals. Yes No No
Percutaneous absorption of vinyl chloride. Yes No No
Mutation induction in chinese hamster V79 cells by two vinyl chloride metabolites, chloroethylene oxide and 2-chloroacetaldehyde Yes No No
“Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM)” Yes No No
The micronucleus test as part of a short-term mutagenicity test program for the prediction of carcinogenicity evaluated by 143 agents tested. Yes No No
The effects of maternally inhaled vinyl chloride on embryonal and fetal development in mice, rats, and rabbits Yes No No
Vinyl chloride: Inhalation teratology study in mice, rats, and rabbits. Yes No No
Rat liver microsome catalyses covalent binding of 14C-vinyl chloride to macromolecules. Yes No No
Retention of vinyl chloride in the human lung. Yes No No
The role of cylic base adducts in vinyl-chloride-induced carcinogenesis: studies on nucleic acid alklyation in vivo. Yes No No
Carcinogenicity of vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride. Yes No No
Effects of single and repeated exposures of humans and rats to vinyl chloride. Yes No No
Induction of gene mutations and gene conversions by vinyl chloride metabolites in yeast. Yes No No
Mutagenicity of vinyl chloride, chloroethylene oxide, chloroacetaldehyde and chloroethanol. Yes No No
Mutagenicity of chloroacetaldehyde, a possible metabolic product of 1,2-dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride), chloroethanol (ethylene chlorohydrin), vinyl chloride and cyclophosphamide. Yes No No
Alkylation of DNA and proteins in mice exposed to vinyl chloride Yes No No
Lack of mutagenic effect of vinyl chloride monomer in the mammalian spot test. Yes No No
Influence of experimental factors on the mutagenicity of vinylic monomers Yes No No
Effect of ethanol on vinyl chloride carcinogenesis. Yes No No
The mutagenicity of vinyl chloride after metabolic activation. Yes No No
Activity of vinyl chloride monomer in the mouse micronucleus assay. Yes No No
Untersuchungen zur Ausdampfung einiger niedermolekularer Chlorkohlenwasserstoffe aus einem Fliessgerinne. Muenchener Beitr Yes No No
The nonmutagenicity and recombinogenicity of vinyl chloride in the absence of metabolic activation. Yes No No
A dominant lethal study in male rats after repeated exposures to vinyl chloride or vinylidene chloride. Yes No No
High rate of chromosomal aberration in PVC workers. Yes No No
Lifetime (149-week) oral carcinogenicity study of vinyl chloride in rats. Yes No No
The toxicity of vinyl chloride as determined by repeated exposure of laboratory animals. Yes No No
Effects of vinyl chloride exposure alone and in combination with trypan blue-applied systematically during all thirds of pregnancy on the fetuses of CFY rats. Yes No No
Vinyl chloride mutagenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. Yes No No
A method for studying the mutagenicity of some gaseous compounds in Salmonella typhimurium. Yes No No
Induction of single-strand breaks in DNA of mice after inhalation of vinyl chloride Yes No No
Induction of single-strand breaks in liver DNA of mice after inhalation of vinyl chloride. Methods for Detecting DNA Damaging Agents in Humans. Yes No No
Dose-dependent fate of vinyl chloride and its possible relationship to oncogenicity in rats Yes No No
German investigations on morbidity and mortality of workers exposed to vinyl chloride. Yes No No
Angiosarcoma of the liver: annual occurrence and aetiology in Great Britain Yes No No
Angiosarcoma of the liver in Great Britain, 1963-73 Yes No No
Angiosarcoma of the Liver: An Epidemiologic Survey Yes No No
Angiosarcoma of the liver in Great Britain in proximity to vinyl chloride sites Yes No No
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Standard for Vinyl Chloride Yes No No
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Vinyl Chloride Yes No No
Houston Area Source Toxic Emissions ( HASTE) Project; Health Effects Evaluation, Texas Natural Resurce Conservation Commision, Ofice of Air Quality/Toxicology & Risk Asessment Section s ( SFR-33) Yes No No
Epidemiologic notes and reports Angiosarcoma of the liver_Wisconsin Yes No No
Development of Hepatic Angiosarcoma in Man Induced by Vinyl Chloride, Thorotrast, and Arsenic Yes No No
Malignant tumours of liver and lung in an Area with a PVC Industry Yes No No
EPIDEMIOLOGIC NOTES AND REPORTS ANGIOSARCOMA OF THE LIVER AMONG POLYVINYL CHLORIDE WORKERS -- Kentucky Yes No No
Subpart F - National Emission Standard for Vinyl Chloride EPA. 40 CFR §§61.60-61.71. Yes No No
TRACI: The Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Environmental Impacts No No No
Intake fraction for multimedia pollutants: a tool for life cycle analysis and comparative risk assessment No No Yes
ETH-ESU 96 Unit processes database. In: Simapro6 No No Yes
Franklin database. In: Simapro6 No No Yes
Compilation of cancer potency factors and acceptable daily intake values No No Yes
Human toxicity potentials for life cycle analysis and toxics release inventory risk screening. No Yes No
Perspectives in Life Cycle Impact Assessment; A structured approach to combine models of the technosphere, ecosphere , and valuesphere No No Yes
IDEMAT. In: Simapro6 No No No
Data Archive library. In: SimaPro6 No No No
Industry Data library. In: SimaPro6 No Yes No
SimaPro 6 No No Yes
National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment for 1996: Appendix H Estimating Carcinogenic Potency for Mixtures of Polycyclic Organic Matter (POM) for the 1996 National-Scale Assessment. No No Yes
Locating and estimating air emissions from sources of polycyclic organic matter No No Yes
Toxic release inventory public data release No Yes No
Eco-profiles of the European plastics industry No No Yes
Ecoprofiles of the European plastics industry, report 4, second edition No No Yes
Ecoprofiles of the European plastics industry, report 10, Polymer conversion No No Yes
Ecoprofiles of the European plastics industry, report 6, second edition, Polyvinyl chloride. No No Yes
APME Ecoprofiles of chemicals and polymers No No Yes
Environmental Resource Guide No No No
Plastimet, Inc. Fire, Hamilton, Ontario, July 9-12 No Yes Yes
Data on incidence of cancer in Louisiana No Yes Yes
Ambient Air Levels of Vinyl Chloride in Louisiana. A Third Party Review. Yes Yes Yes
Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program Database. No Yes Yes