These comments are submitted because we believe that green buildings should be environmentally healthy buildings that avoid the use of materials that pose unreasonable and avoidable risks to public health and environment. We have reviewed the U.S. Green Building Councils LEED Technical and Scientific Advisory Committee (TSAC) report entitled "Assessment of Technical Basis for a PVC-Related Materials Credit in LEED." We are deeply disappointed in the accuracy of some of the scientific information and the overall quality of the scientific analysis in this report. We are concerned that this report will encourage the continued use of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) at a time when many companies have recognized the health and environmental risks that PVC poses and have made the decision to move away from using it.
The Center for Health, Environment, and Justice (CHEJ) has closely followed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys (USEPA) reassessment of the health effects of dioxin and dioxin-like substances for over 10 years. A significant portion of this work has focused on the role of PVC in the generation of dioxin and dioxin-like substances. We recent completed a report that evaluated the public health and environmental impacts of PVC that primarily focused on what happens at the end of the useful life of PVC materials such as piping, siding, flooring, or windows, when these materials are discarded. This report, entitled Bad News Comes in 3s - The Poison Plastic, Health Hazards and the Looming Waste Crisis, documents a wide range of severe and long lasting health and environmental hazards directly attributed to the production, use and disposal of PVC products. A copy of our report is attached to these comments. Many of the comments included below are discussed in more detail in our report.
Our main concern with the TSAC Report is that it does not adequately evaluate the public health and environmental risks posed when the useful life of a PVC product ends. When burned, whether in an incinerator, backyard burn barrel or during an accidental building or vehicle fire, PVC plastic forms dioxins, a highly toxic group of chemicals that build up in the food chain. Dioxins are known to cause cancer, reproductive, developmental and immune problems. Landfilling PVC also poses significant public health and environmental risks due to leaching of toxic additives into groundwater, dioxin-forming landfills fires, and toxic emissions in landfill gases.
The TSAC Report also fails to adequately assess the contribution of PVC to dioxin air emissions nationwide. The evidence linking PVC to dioxin air emissions is clearly documented in numerous publications including the USEPA Inventory of Sources of Dioxin in the U.S. These concerns are expressed in more detail below.
For these and other reasons, we feel that the TSAC Report does not accurately reflect the current consensus of scientific knowledge of the public health and environmental impacts of PVC. We are concerned that the TSAC Report as written will undermine our efforts and those of other organizations to move priority toxic chemicals out of use. We urge the U.S. Green Building Council to stand with the growing movement of organizations, consumers, and companies who have recognized the lifecycle hazards created by PVC.
Although we have other concerns about the TSAC Report, the thrust of these comments will focus on the committees failure to adequately evaluate the public health and environmental risks posed when PVC materials are disposed of and the failure to adequately assess the contribution of PVC to dioxin air emissions nationwide.
1) The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Risk Assessment (RA) models used in the TSCA Report do NOT include a factor to address the environmental and public health risks that result when PVC is disposed of at the end of its useful life as a consumer product (see LCA Framework pp. 22-to 27; RA, pp. 27-31; and Exposure Assessment, pp 32- 37). There is also no discussion of the broad environmental and public health ris JE 1. Costner (2001) P. Chlorine, Combustion and Dioxins: Does Reducing Chlorine in Wastes Decrease Dioxin Formation in Waste Incinerators? Greenpeace International, September 10.
2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA 2001) Exposure and Human Health Reassessment of 2,3,7,8 Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD) and Related Compounds, Part I: Estimating Exposures to DioxinLike Compounds, Volume 2: Sources of Dioxin-Like Compounds in the United States. September 2000. Available at http://www.epa.gov/ncea/pdfs/dioxin/part1/volume2.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA 2002a) Emission from Large MWC Units at MACT Compliance. Memorandum from Walt Stevenson, Combustion Group, ESD, OAQPS, USEPA to Docket A-90-45 (Large MWCs), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, June 20.
4. Eastern Research Group, Inc. (ERG 2002) National Emission Trends for Small Municipal Waste Combustion Units [Years 1990 to 2005]. Memorandum from Jason M. Huckaby, Eastern Research Group to Walt Stevenson, USEPA/Combustion Group, June 12.
5. Kaufman (2004) S.M., N. Goldstein, K. Millrath and N.J. Themelis. The State of Garbage in America: 14th Annual Nationwide Survey of Solid Waste Management in the United States. A Joint Study with the Earth Engineering Center of Columbia University, BioCycle: 31-41, January.
6. Commission of the European Communities (CEC 2000) Green Paper: Environmental Issues of PVC. COM (2000) 469 final, Brussels, July 26. Available at http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/environment/waste/pvc/en.pdf/green_paper_pvc.thtm.
7. Ecocycle Commission of the Government of Sweden (ECC 1994) PVC: A Plan to Prevent Environmental Impact. Ecocycle Commission, SOU, Stockholm, Sweden: 104.
8. Thornton (2002) J. Environmental Impacts of Polyvinyl Chloride Building Materials A Healthy Building Network Report. Healthy Building Network, Washington, DC, 2002. Available at http://www.healthybuilding.net/pvc/Thornton_Enviro_Impacts_of_PVC.pdf
9. Thornton (2000) J. Pandoras Poison: Chlorine, Health, and a New Environmental Strategy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
10. Allsopp (2001) M., P. Costner, and P. Johnston. Incineration and Human Health State of Knowledge of the Impacts of Waste Incinerators on Human Health. Greenpeace Research Laboratories, University of Exeter, United Kingdom, March. Available at http://archive.greenpeace.org/~toxics/reports/euincin.pdf.
11. Carroll (1989) G.J., R.C. Thurnau, R.E. Mournighan, L.R. Waterland, J.W. Lee, and D.J. Fournier, Jr. Partitioning of Metals in Rotary Kiln Incineration. US Environmental Protection Agency, PB90-132812, Cincinnati, OH, September.
12. ten Tusscher (2000) G.W., G.A. Stam, and J.G. Koppe. Open chemical combustions resulting in a local increased incidence of orofacial clefts. Chemosphere 40:1263-1270.
13. Cohen (1998) M., B. Commoner, J. Richardson, S. Flack, P.W. Bartlett, P. Cooney, K. Couchot, H. Eisl, and C. Hill. Dioxin Sources, Air Transport and Contamination in Dairy Feed Crops and Milk. Center for Biology of Natural Systems, Queens College, Flushing NY.
14. Cohen (1995) M., B. Commoner, H. Eisl, P. Bartlett, A. Dickar, C. Hill, J. Quigley, and J. Rosenthal. Quantitative Estimation of the Entry of Dioxins, Furans and Hexachlorobenzene into the Great Lakes from Airborne and Waterborne Sources. Center for Biology of Natural Systems, Queens College, Flushing, NY.
15. Commoner (2000) B., P. Woods Bartlett, H. Eisl, and K. Couchot. Long-Range Air Transport of Dioxin from North American Sources to Ecologically Vulnerable Receptors in Nunavut, Arctic Canada. Center for the Biology of Natural Systems, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, New York.
16. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA 2003) Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 2001 Facts and Figures. USEPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (5305W), EPA530-S-03-011, October.
17. Environmental Research and Education Foundation (EREF 2004) Size of the United States Solid Waste Industry. Prepared by R.W. Beck an HJxE ExHc HT0 1 0 d~wH o x dG(K = (K(K (KJ getMaterialGroups .K)K filters (K@)K
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1. Costner (2001) P. Chlorine, Combustion and Dioxins: Does Reducing Chlorine in Wastes Decrease Dioxin Formation in Waste Incinerators? Greenpeace International, September 10.
2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA 2001) Exposure and Human Health Reassessment of 2,3,7,8 Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD) and Related Compounds, Part I: Estimating Exposures to DioxinLike Compounds, Volume 2: Sources of Dioxin-Like Compounds in the United States. September 2000. Available at http://www.epa.gov/ncea/pdfs/dioxin/part1/volume2.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA 2002a) Emission from Large MWC Units at MACT Compliance. Memorandum from Walt Stevenson, Combustion Group, ESD, OAQPS, USEPA to Docket A-90-45 (Large MWCs), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, June 20.
4. Eastern Research Group, Inc. (ERG 2002) National Emission Trends for Small Municipal Waste Combustion Units [Years 1990 to 2005]. Memorandum from Jason M. Huckaby, Eastern Research Group to Walt Stevenson, USEPA/Combustion Group, June 12.
5. Kaufman (2004) S.M., N. Goldstein, K. Millrath and N.J. Themelis. The State of Garbage in America: 14th Annual Nationwide Survey of Solid Waste Management in the United States. A Joint Study with the Earth Engineering Center of Columbia University, BioCycle: 31-41, January.
6. Commission of the European Communities (CEC 2000) Green Paper: Environmental Issues of PVC. COM (2000) 469 final, Brussels, July 26. Available at http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/environment/waste/pvc/en.pdf/green_paper_pvc.thtm.
7. Ecocycle Commission of the Government of Sweden (ECC 1994) PVC: A Plan to Prevent Environmental Impact. Ecocycle Commission, SOU, Stockholm, Sweden: 104.
8. Thornton (2002) J. Environmental Impacts of Polyvinyl Chloride Building Materials A Healthy Building Network Report. Healthy Building Network, Washington, DC, 2002. Available at http://www.healthybuilding.net/pvc/Thornton_Enviro_Impacts_of_PVC.pdf
9. Thornton (2000) J. Pandoras Poison: Chlorine, Health, and a New Environmental Strategy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
10. Allsopp (2001) M., P. Costner, and P. Johnston. Incineration and Human Health State of Knowledge of the Impacts of Waste Incinerators on Human Health. Greenpeace Research Laboratories, University of Exeter, United Kingdom, March. Available at http://archive.greenpeace.org/~toxics/reports/euincin.pdf.
11. Carroll (1989) G.J., R.C. Thurnau, R.E. Mournighan, L.R. Waterland, J.W. Lee, and D.J. Fournier, Jr. Partitioning of Metals in Rotary Kiln Incineration. US Environmental Protection Agency, PB90-132812, Cincinnati, OH, September.
12. ten Tusscher (2000) G.W., G.A. Stam, and J.G. Koppe. Open chemical combustions resulting in a local increased incidence of orofacial clefts. Chemosphere 40:1263-1270.
13. Cohen (1998) M., B. Commoner, J. Richardson, S. Flack, P.W. Bartlett, P. Cooney, K. Couchot, H. Eisl, and C. Hill. Dioxin Sources, Air Transport and Contamination in Dairy Feed Crops and Milk. Center for Biology of Natural Systems, Queens College, Flushing NY.
14. Cohen (1995) M., B. Commoner, H. Eisl, P. Bartlett, A. Dickar, C. Hill, J. Quigley, and J. Rosenthal. Quantitative Estimation of the Entry of Dioxins, Furans and Hexachlorobenzene into the Great Lakes from Airborne and Waterborne Sources. Center for Biology of Natural Systems, Queens College, Flushing, NY.
15. Commoner (2000) B., P. Woods Bartlett, H. Eisl, and K. Couchot. Long-Range Air Transport of Dioxin from North American Sources to Ecologically Vulnerable Receptors in Nunavut, Arctic Canada. Center for the Biology of Natural Systems, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, New York.
16. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA 2003) Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 2001 Facts and Figures. USEPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (5305W), EPA530-S-03-011, October.
17. Environmental Research and Education Foundation (EREF 2004) Size of the United States Solid Waste Industry. Prepared by R.W. Beck an HJxE ExHc HT0 1 0 d~wH o x dG(K = (K(K (KJ getMaterialGroups .K)K filters (K@)K
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o < P~w 6 d~weG o R060 7 6 d~whgG o Q0 8 7 d~weG o QyDJx 9 8 d~w o B 9 < < : d~wP-K o S~ 2 d~w8eG o U00 3 2 d~w0-K o T0 4 3 d~w.K o TyDJx 5 4 d~w o & ; 5 : S~ < d~wx-K o U0b0 = < d~w.K o & > = d~w.K o > FG 8HXH: P~w d~wfG o R00 d~w/K o 0'0 d~wfG o +0
S~w d~wgG o U00 d~w(gG o M N~w S~w d~wHgG o S~w d~wgG o byDJx b
& &~w
F00 P~w d~wphG o QyDJx d~w o S~w
d~wgG o & 0 0
P~w d~whG o QyDJx d~w o S~w d~wgG o &yDJx P~w d~wPiG o QyDJx d~w o B~w < <00 d~wiG o S~w d~w8hG o &yDJx P~w d~whG o B < <~ d~w0iG o
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0
d~whG o 4 +~w P~w d~wpiG o 0 d~whG o .yDJx 0 P~w ! d~wiG o B0 ! < A~ d~wiG o < <00 " d~wiG o c0 # d~wiG o yDJx $ " # 4~w $ +0q0 7 P~w & d~wjG o 00 ' d~wjG o & 0 ( ' d~wjG o S~w % d~wjG o & ) % ( *~w 7 P~w * d~wkG o B00 * < A0 d~w o < AyDJx d~w o < < + d~w`jG o , + d~wjG o +~w , Q P x - d~w8jG o 0 . - d~w8kG o + . D S / d~wXkG o & 0 / d~w lG o * D P~w 1 d~wkG o 2 1 d~wkG o + 2 J S~w 3 d~wkG o & 4 3 d~wlG o * J P~w 6 d~wlG o B 6 < A d~w o < < 7 d~wHlG o S~w 5 d~w(lG o & 8 5 7 * Q P 9 d~whlG o R00 : 9 d~wH o ; : d~wXH o + ; Y V~w < d~wxH o X00 = < d~wH o > = d~wH o * Y 5 A P~w B d~whH o 8 A A B 7 A A d~wH o P~w C d~wlG o 8 A A C 7 A A d~wH o P~w D d~wH o B D < c E d~w0H o A E < < F d~wȧH o G A F V~w ? d~w(H o X00 @ ? d~wȦH o H @ G P~w I d~wH o R0'0 J I d~wHH o K J d~wxH o + K q V~w L d~wH o X0G0 M L d~wXH o N M d~wH o * q Y~w O d~wH o ZyDJx P O d~w o L Q P + Q P~w S d~wШH o QyDJx T S d~w o ; T = U T S R d~wH o & V R U P~w Y d~w(H o P~w X d~wH o Q ~ Z X Y S~w W d~wH o & [ W Z 5 ^ P~w _ d~wxH o 8 ^ ^ _ 7 ^ ^ d~wH o P~w ` d~wH o 8 ^ ^ ` 7 ^ ^ d~wH o P~w a d~wHH o B a < c b d~wpH o A b < < c d~w H o d ^ c V~w \ d~w8H o X0&0 ] \ d~wȩH o e ] d * 5 h P~w i d~wPH o 8 h h i 7 h h d~wH o P~w j d~w8H o 8 h h j 7 h h d~w`H o P~w k d~wȬH o B k < c l d~wH o A l < < m d~wH o n h m V~w f d~w(H o X00 g f d~w H o o g n * * 1 * P p d~wH o R00 q p d~wHH o > q > 1F pEEp S~w d~wH o U00 d~wXE o T0 d~wE o & d~wE5 o Y~w d~wE o Z0 d~w@E o L .
P~w d~wE o Q0 d~w E o B < < d~whE o 4 . A d~wE o < <
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d~w o 4 + S~w d~wE o T0 d~wE o S x d~wE o U00
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* I G S~w d~w8E o U060 d~wXE o & S~w d~wE o U0t0 d~wE o S~w d~wE o T0 d~wE o ' G d~wpE o H d~wXE o H d~wxE o H d~wE o S~w d~wE o U00 d~w0E o T0 d~wPE o & G " d~wإH o H " d~w@E o H " d~w`E o H " d~wE o S~w d~wE o U0P0 d~wE o T0 ! d~wE o & # ! " G ' d~wPE o H ' d~wpE o H ' d~wE o H ' d~wE o S~w $ d~wE o U00 % $ d~wE o T0 & % d~wE o & ( & ' G , d~w0E
o H , d~wXE o H , d~wxE o H , d~wE o S~w ) d~wE o U00 * ) d~w E o T0 + * d~wE o & - + , G 1 d~wH o H 1 d~w`E o H 1 d~wE o S~w . d~wE o U0X0 / . d~w E o T0 0 / d~wE o & 2 0 1 > B1 xEO X P~w d~wE o R 0 0 d~w(E o d~wE o + S~w d~w E o U 0 0 d~w E o M N S~w d~wH o S~w d~wH o b b
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F P~w d~wH o QyDJx d~w o S~w
d~wH o &
P~w d~wPH o QyDJx d~w o S~w d~w(H o & P~w d~w@H o QyDJx d~w o B < < d~w H o S~w d~wXH o & S~w d~wH o & P~ d~w H o d~wH o + ) P~w d~w`H o B < A d~w o < < d~wH o S~w d~wH o & ! * ) P~w " d~wH o B " < < # d~w8H o
$ # . $ $ 1 P~ % d~wH o & % d~wH o 4 $ & + $ P~w ' d~wH o ( ' d~wH o . ( ( < P~w ) d~w H o B ) < A d~w H o < < * d~wH o c + d~wH o , * + 4 ( , + ( C P~w . d~w H o / d~wH o . 0 / d~w H o S~w - d~w@H o & 1 - 0 * C P~w 2 d~w@H o B 2 < A d~w o < A d~w o < < 3 d~wH o 4 3 d~wH o + 4 ] P x 5 d~w`H o 6 5 d~w`H o + 6 P S~w 7 d~wH o & 8 7 d~w(H o * P P~w 9 d~wH o : 9 d~wH o + : V S~w ; d~wH o & < ; d~wH o * V P~w > d~wH o B > < A d~w o < < ? d~wH o S~w = d~wxH o & @ = ? * ] P A d~wpH o R 0 0 B A d~wH o C B d~wH o + C e V~w D d~wH o X 0 0 E D d~w0H o F E d~wPH o * e P~w G d~wH o H G d~wH o + H V~w I d~wH o X 0 0 J I d~wH o K J d~wPH o 5 N 7 N N d~wPH o 7 N |